Their uncertain status and problematic borders mean they are hotbeds of smuggling and corruption. Their unresolved status means that they create a continuous risk of conflict. These grey zones threaten peace and stability and impede development throughout the region. They are the grey zones on the map of Europe. Their development has been effectively frozen, rule of law is weak, and militarisation is heavy. These places are largely cut off from the rest of the world. With the exception of Donetsk and Luhansk, they are not in a state of war exactly but neither are they in a state of peace. They are de jure part of one country but de facto controlled by another. With these latest additions, there are today seven unrecognised entities in the eastern neighbourhood, the other four being Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Nagorno-Karabakh. With the Russian annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Donetsk and Luhansk, Europe has added three new unrecognised entities to an already crowded field. “Grey zones” now litter the map of Eastern Europe. Edited by Sophia Pugsley and Fredrik Wesslau
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May 2023
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